He tino tautohenga te pātai mēnā ko te SARS-CoV-2 te nuinga o te horapa mā roto i ngā pata wai, mā roto rānei i ngā hau. I whai mātou ki te whakamārama i tēnei tautohenga mā roto i tētahi tātaritanga hītori o te rangahau tuku i roto i ētahi atu mate. Mō te nuinga o te hītori o te tangata, ko te tauira matua ko te maha o ngā mate i haria e te hau, he maha ngā wā i tawhiti, ā, i roto i tētahi huarahi pakiwaitara. I werohia tēnei tauira miasmatic i waenganui ki te mutunga o te rautau 19 me te aranga ake o te ariā ira, ā, i te kitenga o ngā mate pēnei i te korara, te kirika i muri i te whānautanga, me te malaria ka horapa i roto i ētahi atu huarahi. Nā ōna tirohanga mō te hiranga o te mate whakapā/pata wai, me te ātete i tūtaki ia ki te awe o te ariā miasma, i āwhina te āpiha hauora tūmatanui rongonui a Charles Chapin i te tau 1910 ki te tīmata i tētahi panoni tauira angitu, me te whakaaro he tino tūpono te tuku mai i te hau. I noho hei tino rangatira tēnei tauira hou. Heoi, nā te kore mārama ki ngā hau i arahi ki ngā hapa pūnaha i roto i te whakamaoritanga o ngā taunakitanga rangahau mō ngā ara tuku. Mō ngā tekau tau e rima i muri mai, i whakaarohia te horapa mai i te rangi he mea iti noa iho, he mea iti noa iho rānei te hiranga o te horapa mai i te rangi mō ngā mate manawa nui katoa, tae noa ki te whakaaturanga o te horapa mai o te mate kohi i te rangi (i whakaarohia he mea horapa mā roto i ngā pata wai) i te tau 1962. I noho tonu te tauira whakapā/pata wai hei mea matua, ā, he torutoru noa iho ngā mate i whakaaetia whānuitia hei mate rangi i mua i te COVID-19: arā, ko ērā i horapa mārama ki ngā tāngata kāore i te rūma kotahi. Ko te tere haere o te rangahau maha-mātauranga i ahu mai i te mate urutā COVID-19 kua whakaatu ko te horapa mai i te rangi te momo horapa nui mō tēnei mate, ā, tera pea he mea nui mō te maha o ngā mate manawa.
Ngā Pānga Whai Hua
Mai i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20, kua ātete te iwi ki te whakaae ka horapa ngā mate mā te hau, he mea tino kino i te wā o te mate urutā COVID-19. Ko tētahi take matua mō tēnei ātete kei roto i te hītori o te māramatanga pūtaiao mō te horapa o te mate: I whakaarohia ko te horapa mā te hau te mea nui i te nuinga o te hītori o te tangata, engari i tino rerekē te āhua i te tīmatanga o te rautau 20. Mō ngā tekau tau, kāore i whakaarohia he mate nui kei te hau. Mā te whakamārama i tēnei hītori me ngā hapa kei roto tonu, e tumanako ana mātou ka āwhina i te ahunga whakamua i roto i tēnei mara ā muri ake nei.
Nā te mate urutā COVID-19 i whakaoho te tautohetohe nui mō ngā momo tuku o te huaketo SARS-CoV-2, e toru ngā momo matua: Tuatahi, te pānga o ngā pata "repa" ki ngā kanohi, ki ngā ihu, ki te waha rānei, e taka ana ki te whenua e tata ana ki te tangata pangia. Tuarua, mā te pā, mā te whakapā tika ki te tangata pangia, mā te pā ā-kore rānei ki te mata kua poke ("fomite"), ā, muri iho ka werohia te tangata mā te pā ki roto o ngā kanohi, ihu, waha rānei. Tuatoru, i te manawa i ngā hauhautanga, ko ētahi o ēnei ka noho tonu ki te hau mō ngā hāora ("tuku mai i te hau").1,2
I te tīmatanga, i kī ngā whakahaere hauora tūmatanui tae atu ki te World Health Organization (WHO) ka horapa te huaketo i roto i ngā pata nui e taka ana ki te whenua e tata ana ki te tangata kua pangia, me te pā atu hoki ki ngā mata kua poke. I kī pūmau te WHO i te 28 o Poutū-te-rangi, 2020, kāore a SARS-CoV-2 e horapa ana i te rangi (engari i roto i ngā "tikanga hauora e whakaputa ana i te aerosol"), ā, he "kōrero hē" te kī atu i tētahi atu.3I rerekē tēnei tohutohu ki tā te tini o ngā kaipūtaiao i kī ai ko te tukunga mai i te rangi te mea nui pea. Hei tauira, Tohutoro.4-9I roto i ngā wā, ka āta whakangawaritia e te WHO tēnei tūnga: tuatahi, me te whakaae ka taea te horapa mā te rangi engari kāore pea i te tino tūpono;10kātahi, me te kore whakamārama, ka whakatairangahia te mahi a te hauhautanga i te Whiringa-ā-rangi 2020 hei whakahaere i te horapa o te huaketo (he mea whai hua anake mō te whakahaere i ngā mate urutā e rere ana i te rangi);11kātahi ka whakapuaki i te 30 o Paenga-whāwhā, 2021, he mea nui te horapa o te SARS-CoV-2 mā roto i ngā hau (engari kaua e whakamahia te kupu "hau").12Ahakoa i whakaae tetahi āpiha matua o te WHO i roto i tētahi uiuinga pāpāho i taua wā "ko te take e whakatairanga ana mātou i te whakapūngao hau he mea ka taea e tēnei huaketo te rere i te rangi," i kī anō rātou kāore rātou i te whakamahi i te kupu "rere i te rangi."13Hei whakamutunga, i te Hakihea 2021, i whakahoutia e te WHO tētahi whārangi o tana paetukutuku hei whakamārama mārama i te hiranga o te tuku mai i te rangi i waenga i ngā tawhiti poto me ngā tawhiti roa, me te whakamārama anō hoki he rite tonu te kupu "tuku mai i te aerosol" me te kupu "tuku mai i te rangi".14Heoi, i tua atu i taua whārangi tukutuku, kāore tonu te whakaahuatanga o te huaketo he "rererangi" i roto i ngā whakawhitiwhitinga a te WHO i te marama o Poutū-te-rangi 2022.
I whai ngā Pokapū Whakahaere me te Ārai Mate (CDC) o te Hononga o Amerika i tētahi ara ōrite: tuatahi, i te whakapuaki i te hiranga o te tukunga o ngā pata toto; kātahi, i te marama o Hepetema 2020, i te wā poto i tukuna ai ki tana paetukutuku he whakaaetanga mō te tukunga mai i te rangi, ā, i tangohia i muri i ngā rā e toru;15ā, hei whakamutunga, i te 7 o Mei, 2021, me te whakaae he mea nui te manawa o te hauropi mō te tuku.16Heoi, he maha ngā wā i whakamahia ai e te CDC te kupu "respiratory droplet," e pā ana ki ngā pata nui e taka wawe ana ki te whenua.17hei kōrero mō ngā aerosol,18te hanga i te rangirua nui.19Kāore tetahi o ngā whakahaere i whakahua i ngā huringa i roto i ngā huihuinga pāpāho, i ngā kaupapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero nui rānei.20I te wā i whakaaetia ai ēnei whakaaetanga iti e ngā whakahaere e rua, kua kohia ngā taunakitanga mō te horapa mai i te rangi, ā, he maha ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā tākuta hauora i kī ehara i te mea he momo horapa pea te horapa mai i te rangi, engari ko te mea pea...matuaaratau21I te marama o Ākuhata 2021, i kī te CDC he rite te horapa o te momo delta SARS-CoV-2 ki te horapa o te rewharewha, he huaketo tino horapa i te rangi.22Ko te momo omicron i puta mai i te mutunga o te tau 2021 he huaketo tino tere te horapa, he nui te maha o ngā uri whakaputa uri, ā, he poto te wā raupapa.23
Nā te puhoi me te koretake o te whakaae a ngā whakahaere hauora tūmatanui nui ki ngā taunakitanga o te horapa o te SARS-CoV-2 i te rangi, i whai wāhi atu ai ki te whakahaere koretake o te mate urutā, engari kei te tino mōhiotia ngā painga o ngā mahi tiaki i te horapa o te hau.24-26Mā te tere o te whakaae ki tēnei taunakitanga ka akiakihia ngā aratohu e wehewehe ana i ngā ture mō roto, mō waho hoki, kia nui ake te aro ki ngā mahi o waho, kia nui ake te taunakitanga mō ngā kopare, kia nui ake te aro ki te pai ake o te taunga me te tātari o ngā kopare, tae atu ki ngā ture mō te mau kopare i roto i te whare ahakoa ka taea te pupuri i te tawhiti hapori, te hauhautanga, me te tātari. Mā te whakaae wawe ka nui ake te aro ki ēnei tikanga, ā, ka whakaitihia te wā me te moni e pau ana ki ngā tikanga pēnei i te patu huakita mata me ngā arai plexiglass taha, kāore nei i te tino whai hua mō te tuku hau, ā, i roto i te take o muri, tera pea ka kore e whai hua.29,30
He aha i puhoi ai ēnei whakahaere, ā, he aha hoki i nui ai te ātete ki te huringa? I roto i tētahi tuhinga o mua, i whai whakaaro mātou ki te take o te pūtea pūtaiao (ngā painga whaiaro) mai i tētahi tirohanga pāpori.31Te karo i ngā utu e pā ana ki ngā mahi e hiahiatia ana hei whakahaere i te horapa mai i te rangi, pērā i te whakapai ake i ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro (PPE) mō ngā kaimahi hauora.32me te whakapai ake i te hauhautanga33tērā pea he pānga tērā. Kua whakamāramahia e ētahi te whakaroa i runga i te tirohanga ki ngā tūponotanga e pā ana ki ngā taputapu manawa N9532ēngari, kua tautohetia34nā te kore rānei o te whakahaere pai o ngā taonga ohorere ka hua ake te korenga o ngā taonga i te tīmatanga o te mate urutā. hei tauira, Tohutoro.35
Ko tētahi atu whakamārama kāore i tukuna e aua whakaputanga, engari he tino rite ki ā rātou kitenga, ko te whakaroa ki te whakaaro, ki te tango rānei i te ariā o te tukunga mai o ngā mate urutā i te rangi, i tētahi wāhanga, nā tētahi hapa ariā i whakaurua mai i te rautau ki muri, ā, kua uru ki roto i ngā mara hauora tūmatanui me te ārai mate: he whakapono e kī ana ko te tukunga mai o ngā mate manawa ka puta mai i ngā pata nui, nō reira, he pai ngā mahi whakaiti pata. I whakaatu hoki ēnei umanga i te whakaroa ki te whakarerekē ahakoa te aroaro o ngā taunakitanga, e rite ana ki ngā ariā pāpori me te epistemological mō te āhua o te hunga e whakahaere ana i ngā umanga ki te ātete i te huringa, inā koa mēnā he āhua whakamataku ki tō rātou ake tūranga; me pēhea te mahi a te whakaaro rōpū, inā koa ka tiaki te tangata i te aroaro o te wero a waho; me pēhea te whanaketanga pūtaiao ka puta mā roto i ngā panoni tauira, ahakoa te ātete o ngā kaitautoko o te tauira tawhito ki te whakaae he pai ake te tautoko a tētahi ariā rerekē mai i ngā taunakitanga e wātea ana.36-38Nō reira, kia mārama ai mātou ki te pumau tonu o tēnei hapa, i whai mātou ki te tūhura i tōna hītori, me te horapa whānui o ngā mate mai i te rangi, me te whakamārama i ngā ia matua i ārahi ai ki te ariā pata wai hei mea matua.
Haere mai i https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/sub-brand/covid-19-icon
Wā tuku: Hepetema-27-2022